CSP太阳能热发电全球发展战略分析
来源:中国太阳能网
当今CSP太阳能热发电的参与者主要是独立电力生产商(IPPs)、市政电力公司、新能源开发商、专业技术开发公司及EPC工程总包商和有关装备制造业厂家等。预计至2025年全球CSP太阳能热发电总装机规模将达到25GW。
全球CSP太阳能热发电产业格局
1.全球产业发展现状
西班牙近年在CSP太阳能热发电上的迅猛发展为业界尤为关注,据估计2013年其总装机将远超预期而到达2.3GW。该国政策规范化、市场规模化和良性竞争的格局已经形成。加之欧洲开发银行的助力,由独立电力生产商Acciona Energia主导,Abengoa Solar、NextEra、ACS Cobra等众多独立电力生产商、市政电力公司、开发商和EPC工程总包商已齐聚成队在CSP太阳能热发电领域寻找发展机会。
美国长期以来被誉为CSP技术及其应用的天堂,市场预期为15GW,但目前因金融低迷影响,行业被资金和环境审批所困扰。不得已,美国CSP业界的开发商们正在调整开发策略以减轻给环境及水资源带来的相关影响。美国CSP市场的特点是:大型独立电力生产商在寻求由建设者到业主的政策;交钥匙工程的相继涌现;石油化工巨头雪佛龙(Chevron)介入CSP太阳能热发电领域,技术开发商和EPC总包商联盟等。技术方面倾向更多的采用抛物槽式无储能的太阳能燃气联合循环(ISCC)。装备制造供应链主要依赖于底特律地区发达的汽车零配件制造加工基地,新兴成套系统供应商则处于早期发展阶段。在电力公司方面,除了佛罗里达电力(FP&L)外,美国西南部的市政电力公司如Southern California Edison(SCE),Arizona PublicSevices 和 El Paso Electis(EPE)等几乎都有参与。
亚太地区CSP太阳能热发电市场中印度和中国预期总装机为3GW,澳大利亚为500MW,这无疑引起了业界的关注。该地区配套的激励政策和投资支持尚未形成,但还是不断有很多太阳能专有技术、产业开发商们在这里寻求美国西班牙以外的市场机会。
在CSP产业并购整合(M&A)上,近年来也处于活跃时期。Siemens斥资4亿1800万美元兼并了世界抛物槽技术及开发商以色列的Solel(注:Solel历史上又兼并了著名的Luz International)。法国能源巨头Areva兼并了美国加州的CSP线性菲涅尔技术及设备开发商Ausra。此外,许多能源电力营运商们也在CSP太阳能热发电领域拓宽技术和寻求资金的扩张。总之,在市场规模上西班牙将把业界带领到一个新的水平;美国则代表着长期未来的巨大市场;亚太地区正在发展兴起;中东北非处于蓬勃发展阶段;南非也正在吸引私人投资开发其西北部丰富的太阳能资源。
2.DII“沙漠工业化发展”项目
鉴于中东北非(MENA)地区丰富的太阳能和天然气资源以及太阳能燃气联合循环(ISCC)技术的优势,在罗马俱乐部(the Club of Rome)和其他有关组织的倡导下,于2009年10月启动了“沙漠工业化发展”项目(Desertec Industrial Initiative)。该项目旨在大规模开发中东北非地区丰富的太阳能光热资源。生产的电力即可用在当地,亦可以通过海底HVDC高压直流电缆将电力送到远在3000~40000公里远的欧洲腹地。目标是到2050年用该地区的太阳能等清洁能源满足欧洲15%的电力需求。Abengoa Solar是这个“沙漠工业化发展”项目的主要资方成员,其他成员还有ABB、Deutsche Bank、EON、RNE、Schott Solar、Simens及MSM等。
该地区的摩洛哥Ain-Beni-Mathar太阳能燃气联合循环(ISCC)电站(见图 1)已经先期建成运行,规模为450MW(CCGT)配20MWe太阳能热力系统。玻璃镜面用的是Abengoa的Rioglass,抛物槽支架为Abengoa Solar的镀锌钢支架,集热管为Schott,EPC工程总包服务为Abener。该项目的开发商和投资人均为摩洛哥国家电力公司Official National de l’Electricite(ONE)。
位于北非的阿尔及利亚也已建成了一座太阳能燃气联合循环电站SPP1。电站规模为130MW(CCGT,Simens)配20MWe太阳能热力系统,EPC工程总包服务也是Abener,玻璃镜面用的是Rioglass,抛物槽支架为Abengoa Solar钢支架,Schott的集热管,ABB提供电力传输与控制方面的设备。项目总投资3亿2000万欧元,主要由阿尔及利亚银行(BEA)提供资金支持。投资份额方面:西班牙Abener占51%;阿尔及利亚新能源公司(NEAL)占20%;Sonatrach’s SVH占14%;西班牙对外投资行COFIDES占15%。开发及运营商为阿尔及利亚新能源公司,该公司由国立石油天然气公司、两家大型电力公司和一家农产品加工企业(SIM)合资组成。当时,大约有10家公司参与投标,其中有通用电气公司GE,Lavallin、Simens、Alstom及Black&Veatch等。
此外,早在2005年北非的埃及国家可再生能源组织(NREA)也在开罗以南95公里的尼罗河东岸兴建了150MW(CCGT)配20MWe太阳能热力的太阳能燃气联合循环电站。
全球产业链竞争分析
大型公司介入CSP太阳能热发电领域,专业技术公司努力的推广与示范,装备制造及供应商的兼并重组成了目前CSP太阳能热发电产业链竞争的一道风景线。在抛物槽设备供应上,Siemens同其他厂家一样加大了竞争力度;在新兴CSP技术上出现了特许权制。作为项目实施关键的EPC工程总包服务,在美国和全球其他相关地区也都纷纷蓬勃兴起。美国能源方案策划公司也是在这个背景下瞄准太阳能热发电EPC工程总包服务而组建的。下面笔者将按综合技术能力、系统集成技术、装备制造与供应、发电及电力设备、EPC工程总包及咨询服务、专有技术开发、全球性电力或独立发电公司,以及全球性项目开发商等给出公司清单,来对全球CSP太阳能热发电产业链做一个比较全面的了解和分析。
综合技术:Abengoa Solar, Grupo Sener.
抛物槽系统技术及装备制造:Acciona, Alcoa Inc., Archimede Solar Energy SpA, Enertol-Santana, FLABEG Holding GmbH & Co, Flagsol GmbH, Glaston Corp., Gossamer Space Frame, Hydro Aluminum Extrusion Americas, Rioglass Solar, Ronda Reflex srl, Saint-Gobain, Schott AG, Solel Solar Systems Ltd.(Siemens), Sopogy.
塔式系统及装备制造:BrightSource Industries Israel, Lockheed Martin Corp., SolarReserve (UTC).
碟式系统及装备:Infinia Corp., Stirling Energy Systems.
电力岛与电力传输及控制:Aalborg Industries Group, ABB, Alfa Laval, Alston, Betrams Heatec AG, Dow Chemical Co., Emerson Electric Co.,Flowserve Corp., Friatec AG, General Electric Co. Oil & Gas, GEA Group AG, Haifa Chemicals Ltd., Holtec International, MAN Turbo AG, Ormat Technologies, Parker-Hannifin Corp., Siemens Power Generation, SPX Cooling Technologies, Radco Industries, Solutia, Inc.
EPC工程总包及咨询服务:ACS Actividades de Construcction Servicios(Grupo Cobra), Bechtel Corp., Energy Solutions Providers, LLC, Fichtner AG, Fluor Corp., Lauren Engineers & Constructors, Lahmeyer AG, Ferrostaal AG, Sacyr Vallehermoso SA, Techint Group, United Research Services Corp., WorleyParsons Ltd.
系统集成服务和专有技术开发:Abengoa Solar, ACS Cobra, Aries Solar Termoelectrica, Areva(Ausra), BrightSource Energy, eSolar, Grupo Sener, Lloyd Energy Storage Ltd., NOVATEC Biosol, Siemens CSP Ltd., SkyFuel, SolarReserve, Solare XXI, Stirling Energy Systems.
全球性电力公司/独立电力生产:Acciona Energia (Acciona Solar), Cogentrix Energy, Iberdrola, NextEra Energy, NRG Energy, ONE (Morocco), NEAL(Algiria).
全球性项目开发:Albiasa Solar, Ibereolica, Grupo SAMCA.
全球及美国已运行、在建CSP太阳能热发电项目介绍
1.全球及美国已运行电站情况
United States | ||||||
Name | Location/Utility | Size (MW) | Status | Technology | Start Operation | Company |
SEGS | U S CA/SCE | 354 | Operation | Parabolic trough | 1985 -1991 | FPL Energy |
Saguaro | U S AZ/APS | 1 | Operation | Parabolic trough | 2006 | Acciona |
Nevada Solar One | U S NV/NVEgr | 64 | Operation | Parabolic trough | 2007 | Acciona |
Kimberlina Power Plant | U S CA/PG&E | 5 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2008 | Ausra/AREVA |
Sierra Sun Tower | U S CA/SCE | 5 | Operation | Power Tower | 2009 | eSolar |
Keahole Solar Demo | U S HI/HELCO | 2 | Operation | Parabolic trough | 2009 | Sopogy |
Maricopa Solar Demo | U S AZ/SRP | 1 | Operation | Dish Engine | 2012 | SES / Tessera Spar |
Cameo Hybrid | U S CO/Xcel | 2 | Operation | Trough Coal CC | 2010 | Abengoa |
Martin Solar Energy Ctr. | U S FL/FPL | 75 | Operation | Trough Gas ISCC | 2010 | NextEra Energy |
Remainder of the World | ||||||
Liddell | Australia | 1 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2004 | Solar Ht Power Ltd |
PS 10 | Spain | 11 | Operation | Power Tower | 2007 | Abengoa |
Puerto Errado | Spain | 1 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2008 | Novatec Solar Esp |
PS 20 | Spain | 20 | Operation | Power Tower | 2009 | Abengoa |
Andasol 1 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2009 | Solar Millennium |
Andasol 2 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2009 | Solar Millennium |
Liddell Phase 2 | Australia | 3 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2009 | AREVA |
Solnova 1 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Abengoa |
Solnova 3 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Abengoa |
Solnova 4 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Abengoa |
Avarado 1 | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Acciona |
Palma del Rio I | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Acciona |
Majadas de Tietar | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Acciona |
Extrasol 1 Spain | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | ACS/Cobra |
Puertollano Ibersol | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Iberdrola Ren |
La Florida | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2010 | Real SAMCA |
Ain Beni Mathar ISCC | Morocco | 20 | Operation | Nat. Gas/Trough | 2010 | Abengoa |
Hassi R’mel ISCC | Algeria | 20 | Operation | Nat. gas / trough | 2010 | Abengoa |
El Kuraymat ISCC | Egypt | 20 | Operation | Nat. gas / trough | 2009 | Solar Millennium |
de Majadas | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Acciona |
Solacor | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Abengoa |
Puerto Errado 1 | Spain | 1 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2011 | Novatec Solar |
Puerto Errado 2 | Spain | 30 | Operation | Linear Fresnel | 2011 | Novatec Solar |
Puertollano Ibersol | Spain | 50 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Iberdrola Renovables |
Jülich | Germany | 2 | Operation | Power Tower | 2009 | Kraftanlagen München KRAM |
Kanchanaburi Project | Thailand | 5 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2012 | Solarlite GmbH |
Indian Institute of Technology CSP Proj | India | 3 | Operation | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Abengoa |
这其中美国CSP太阳能热发电运行总装机为509MW,其余世界各地为837MW。在全球1346MW总装机中,1266MW为抛物槽式,38MW为塔式,41MW为线性菲涅尔,1.0MW为碟式。西班牙在运行总装机为762MW,目前超过美国。
2.全球及美国在建电站情况
United States | ||||||
Name | Location/Utility | Size (MW) | Status | Technology | Start Operation | Company |
Keahola Solar One | U S HI/HELCO | 5 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Sopogy |
Beacon | U S CA/LADWP | 250 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2012 | NextEra Energy |
Ivanpah PG&E 1 | U S CA/PG&E | 126 | Construction | Power tower | 2012 | BrightSource Energy |
Ivanpah PG&E 2 | U S CA/PG&E | 133 | Construction | Power Tower | 2013 | BrightSource Energy |
Ivanpah SCE | U S CA/SCE | 133 | Construction | Power tower | 2013 | BrightSource Energy |
Solana | U S AZ/APS | 280 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2013 | Abengoa Solar Inc. |
Genesis One | U S CA/PG&E | 125 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2013 | NextEra Energy |
Blyth – Phase I, II | U S CA/SCE | 484 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2013 | Solar Millennium |
Abengoa Solar Project | USA | 250 | Construction | Power tower | 2011 | Abengoa |
Crescent Dunes (Tonopah) | USA | 110 | Construction | Power Tower | 2012 | Solar Reserve, LLC |
Remainder of the World | ||||||
Helioenergy 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Abengoa |
Helioenergy 2 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Abengoa |
Palma del Rio II | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Acciona |
Extresol 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | ACS / Cobra |
Extrasol 2 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | ACS / Cobra |
Manchasol | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | ACS / Cobra |
Lebrija 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Solel / Valoriza Ener. |
Andasol 3 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Solar Millennium Part. |
Valle 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Torresol Energy |
Valle 2 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Torresol Energy |
Gemasolar | Spain | 17 | Construction | Power tower | 2011 | Torresol Energy |
La Dehasa | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | SAMCA Renovables |
Astexol 2 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Dioxipe Solar |
Puerto Errado 2 | Spain | 30 | Construction | Linear fresnel | 2011 | Novatec Solar Espana |
Renovalia | Spain | 1 | Construction | Dish/engine | 2011 | Renovalia Energy |
Casas de los Pinos | Spain | 1 | Construction | Dish/engine | 2011 | Renovalia Energy |
Logrosan I | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2012 | Abengoa |
Logrosan II | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2012 | Abengoa |
Archimede * | S. Africa | 5 | Construction | Nat. gas / trough | 2012 | Iberdrola / Mitsui |
PEGASE * | France | 1 | Construction | Power Tower | 2012 | CNRS |
Agua Prieta II * | Mexico | 12 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | CFE /Abengoa |
Cloncurry Solar Sta | Australia | 10 | Construction | Power Tower | 2012 | Lloyd Energy Syst Ltd |
Acme Rajasthan | India | 10 | Construction | Power tower | 2011 | Acme |
Rajasthan Solar One | India | 10 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2011 | Entegra |
Priola Power Station * | Italy | 5 | Construction | Parabolic trough | 2012 | ENEL / ENEA |
Arenales PS | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | RREEF Infrastructure |
C. Termosolar "La Africana" | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Grupo Magtel |
C.Solar Termoeléctrica "ASTE - 1A" | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Elecnor S.A. |
C.Solar Termoeléctrica "ASTE - 1B" | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Elecnor S.A. |
C.Solar Termoeléctrica Enerstar Villena | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Enerstar Solar Thermal Project |
Casablanca | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Fotowatio Renewable Ventures |
CSP Pilot Plant | China | 10 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Da Tang |
CSP Project and Experiement Base | China | 50 | Construction | To be Confirmed | 2012 | CGNP |
Ningxia ISCC | China | 92 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2012 | Hanas Energy |
Ordos Project | China | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Da Tang |
Himin Solar | China | 3 | Construction | Linear fresnel | 2011 | Himin Solar Energy Group |
Extremasol 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Ferrostaal AG |
Helios 1 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | HYPERION Energy Investments, |
Helios 2 | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | HYPERION Energy Investments, |
Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project | Australia | 44 | Construction | Linear fresnel | 2012 | AREVA |
Lake Cargelligo | Australia | 3 | Construction | Power Tower | 2011 | Lloyd Energy Systems Pty Ltd |
Pl. Termoelectrica de Consol Orellana | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Acciona |
PL. Termosolar de Morón | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Fotowatio Renewable Ventures |
PL. Termosolar de Olivenza I | Spain | 50 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Elecnor S.A. |
Reliance Areva CSP 1 | India | 125 | Construction | Linear fresnel | 2012 | Reliance Power |
Reliance Areva CSP 2 | India | 125 | Construction | Linear fresnel | 2012 | Reliance Power |
Gujarat Solar One | India | 25 | Construction | Parabolic Trough | 2011 | Gujarat |
这其中美国CSP太阳能热发电在建电站总装机为1855MW,其余世界各地为1951MW。在全球3806MW总装机中,2703MW为抛物槽式(其中5MW为ISCC系统提供太阳能热力),774MW为塔式,327MW为线性菲涅尔,2.0MW为碟式。西班牙在建新增总装机为1399MW,新增量居美国之后。